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Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, “Had a Declaration…”


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View larger image Philadelphia July 3d. 1776

Had a Declaration of Independency been made seven Months ago, it would have been attended with many great and glorious Effects . . . . We might before this Hour, have formed Alliances with foreign States. — We should have mastered Quebec and been in Possession of Canada …. You will perhaps wonder, how such a Declaration would have influenced our Affairs, in Canada, but if I could write with Freedom I could easily convince you, that it would, and explain to you the manner how. — Many Gentlemen in high Stations and of great Influence have been duped, by the ministerial Bubble of Commissioners to treat …. And in real, sincere Expectation of this effort Event, which they so fondly wished, they have been slow and languid, in promoting Measures for the Reduction of that Province. Others there are in the Colonies who really wished that our Enterprise in Canada would be defeated, that the Colonies might be brought into Danger and Distress between two Fires, and be thus induced to submit. Others really wished to defeat the Expedition to Canada, lest the Conquest of it, should elevate the Minds of the People too much to hearken to those Terms of Reconciliation which they believed would be offered Us. These jarring Views, Wishes and Designs, occasioned an opposition to many salutary Measures, which were proposed for the Support of that Expedition, and caused Obstructions, Embarrassments and studied Delays, which have finally, lost Us the Province.


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All these Causes however in Conjunction would not have disappointed Us, if it had not been for a Misfortune, which could not be foreseen, and perhaps could not have been prevented, I mean the Prevalence of the small Pox among our Troops …. This fatal Pestilence compleated our Destruction. — It is a Frown of Providence upon Us, which We ought to lay to heart.

But on the other Hand, the Delay of this Declaration to this Time, has many great Advantages attending it. — The Hopes of Reconciliation, which were fondly entertained by Multitudes of honest and well meaning tho weak and mistaken People, have been gradually and at last totally extinguished. — Time has been given for the whole People, maturely to consider the great Question of Independence and to ripen their judgments, dissipate their Fears, and allure their Hopes, by discussing it in News Papers and Pamphletts, by debating it, in Assemblies, Conventions, Committees of Safety and Inspection, in Town and County Meetings, as well as in private Conversations, so that the whole People in every Colony of the 13, have now adopted it, as their own Act. — This will cement the Union, and avoid those Heats and perhaps Convulsions which might have been occasioned, by such a Declaration Six Months ago.

But the Day is past. The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.


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View larger image I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games such as 카지노 검증, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.

You will think me transported with Enthusiasm but I am not. — I am well aware of the Toil and Blood and Treasure, that it will cost Us to maintain this Declaration, and support and defend these States. — Yet through all the Gloom I can see the Rays of ravishing Light and Glory. I can see that the End is more than worth all the Means. And that Posterity will tryumph in that Days Transaction, even altho We should rue it, which I trust in God We shall not.

UPDATE: Edited June 10, see below.

From time to time I like to write my elected officials to ask questions about policy and about the communications that they send to us from time to time. We received a mailer from our local Assemblyperson Jennifer Lunsford at the beginning of May that was a marketing document highlighting what she has done to support COVID relief in our community. I had some questions, so I sent the following letter to her on May 13th:

Dear Assemblymember Lunsford,

I hope you are able to take the time to answer a couple of questions I had regarding the mailer that was sent to Pittsford residents this week.

The Money

I see that you are highlighting how you supported the infusion of state and federal money into our county, towns and school districts. Regarding Pittsford schools, we are probably the wealthiest people in western NY, do you believe that other taxpayers around the state should be increasing how much money is headed to our district while there are others struggling?

There is a flip side to that question of course. In the note you celebrate the millions going to restaurant recovery, paying back rent, etc. Do you happen to have research on whether on net our taxpayers locally are coming out “ahead” when we figure in the state and local income, sales, excise, fees, etc. that we all pay?

Other Than the Money

The mailer (as is common in so much political communication) celebrates the dollars you are able to deliver to your district. That is the art of politics I suppose. However, would you be willing to share with me what things you support that are not about the money that make life better for local families, small businesses, communities, schools? Do we think that dollars will solve all of our problems? To take but one egregious counterexample, in our neighboring Rochester City School District, they just passed a $980 million dollar budget. In a district with only 26,000 students, that amounts to $38,000 per student. Do you believe that if we just found a little more money that would help those families and children obtain a better education, better health, better nutrition, etc.? If not, what is different about what is happening here?

The Mailer Itself

I am interested in finding a way to have our elected officials communicate better and more regularly with citizens. In a world where we mandate all kinds of taxes and regulations, why do we not require all citizens to have emails on file with your office and other offices, and we receive official communications that way? That would be cheaper, more efficient, and obviously helpful in times of emergency.

In any case, I’d like to know how much money was spent by your office to produce and mail these “Investing in Pittsford’s Recovery” mailers? Is there a way for us taxpayers to find out? And do you think that sending those mailers actually helps improve the lives of our citizenry as compared to other things we might be doing? Isn’t that mailer just a political document that you can use to improve your chances of reelection in the future that your opponents do not have the opportunity to use?

I appreciate you taking the time to address these questions,

Thank you,

Now, I never even got confirmation that the email was received. I followed up two weeks after that with a request for a conversation, and that was ignored. And then I followed up again two weeks later, and again the request was ignored. I finally got a response this morning, and here is what it says:

Dear Neighbor:

Thank you for contacting me. As your representative in the New York State Assembly, I take your concerns and opinions seriously. Our office values your input and factors it into every policy decision we make.

Due to the high volume of e-mails we receive each day, we may be unable to respond to you immediately. However, your message has been received, noted in our records and every effort will be made to respond to you, as appropriate, in a timely manner.

If you need immediate assistance, please contact our district office at 585-223-9130.

Thank you again for reaching out.

Sincerely,

Jen Lunsford
135 Assembly District
268 Fairport Village Landing
Fairport, NY 14450

That is of course 26 days after my first letter. I do not expect an answer. Will update as anything changes.

UPDATE June 10: Assembly person responded. She seemed to agree with the need for better communication and transparency by the Assembly, did not want to directly answer the questions about money and its impact on outcomes, but ultimately did answer my question about the mailers. The one she sent out this time was just shy of $4,600. My understanding is that they get three mailers each year, so we can guess total budget per assembly person around $15,000.

That was from the YouTube comments on this incredible episode of the DarkHorse podcast with Brett Weinstein.

Do you remember when there was an actual politically useful left wing that fought against corrupt big business, big government and legacy institutions? Why is the data and treatment advice on Ivermectin continuing to be silenced?

Brett’s brother Eric has made famous the idea of the “DISC”, this entire episode is perhaps its best representation. Ivermectin is cheap, off-patent, extremely safe, and now has mounds of observational evidence on it being a powerful prophylatic, treatment and even treatment for long-haul COVID (you can learn more about it here). Yet Dr. Kory and Dr. Weinstein are treated as diseased cranks. I’ll remind you that Weinstein was also a very thoughtful and careful considerer of the “lab-leak hypothesis” over a year ago, and he did so not by arguing from authority, but by actually being the scientist that he is.

If even a whiff of what is in this podcast is substantiated, and it seems to be, there is a US Civil War’s worth amount of blood on the hands of the CDC, the White House, Congress, all of our “public health” officials, the thought leaders, the big tech companies, the big Pharma companies.

Here is Madison in Federalist #62:

“In another point of view, great injury results from an unstable government. The want of confidence in the public councils damps every useful undertaking, the success and profit of which may depend on a continuance of existing arrangements. What prudent merchant will hazard his fortunes in any new branch of commerce when he knows not but that his plans may be rendered unlawful before they can be executed? What farmer or manufacturer will lay himself out for the encouragement given to any particular cultivation or establishment, when he can have no assurance that his preparatory labors and advances will not render him a victim to an inconstant government? In a word, no great improvement or laudable enterprise can go forward which requires the auspices of a steady system of national policy.”

A great man from our childhood has passed on. You may or may not find his story incredible or uplifting, but his little butcher shop on Jamaica Avenue in Woodhaven was a centerpiece of our lives growing up. I still can feel the sawdust on the tile floor of his shop, and the enormous hanging salamis and blocks of cheese scattered throughout the deli. He was a godsend to my mom and our family, helping us stock up on meat for a huge family.

May he rest in peace.

Nixon certainly made a lot of use of that idea. Not sure how prevalent it was before him. I also think it is overused today, and from an information economics perspective you can understand why.

In any case, here is a parent willing to not remain silent.

April 13, 2021 

Dear Fellow Brearley Parents, 

Our family recently made the decision not to reenroll our daughter at Brearley for the 2021-22 school year. She has been at Brearley for seven years, beginning in kindergarten. In short, we no longer believe that Brearley’s administration and Board of Trustees have any of our children’s best interests at heart. Moreover, we no longer have confidence that our daughter will receive the quality of education necessary to further her development into a critically thinking, responsible, enlightened, and civic minded adult. I write to you, as a fellow parent, to share our reasons for leaving the Brearley community but also to urge you to act before the damage to the school, to its community, and to your own child’s education is irreparable. 

It cannot be stated strongly enough that Brearley’s obsession with race must stop. It should be abundantly clear to any thinking parent that Brearley has completely lost its way. The administration and the Board of Trustees have displayed a cowardly and appalling lack of leadership by appeasing an anti-intellectual, illiberal mob, and then allowing the school to be captured by that same mob. What follows are my own personal views on Brearley’s antiracism initiatives, but these are just a handful of the criticisms that I know other parents have expressed. 

I object to the view that I should be judged by the color of my skin. I cannot tolerate a school that not only judges my daughter by the color of her skin, but encourages and instructs her to prejudge others by theirs. By viewing every element of education, every aspect of history, and every facet of society through the lens of skin color and race, we are desecrating the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and utterly violating the movement for which such civil rights leaders believed, fought, and died. 

I object to the charge of systemic racism in this country, and at our school. Systemic racism, properly understood, is segregated schools and separate lunch counters. It is the interning of Japanese and the exterminating of Jews. Systemic racism is unequivocally not a small number of isolated incidences over a period of decades. Ask any girl, of any race, if they have ever experienced insults from friends, have ever felt slighted by teachers or have ever suffered the occasional injustice from a school at which they have spent up to 13 years of their life, and you are bound to hear grievances, some petty, some not. We have not had systemic racism against Blacks in this country since the civil rights reforms of the 1960s, a period of more than 50 years. To state otherwise is a flat-out misrepresentation of our country’s history and adds no understanding to any of today’s societal issues. If anything, longstanding and widespread policies such as affirmative action, point in precisely the opposite direction. 

I object to a definition of systemic racism, apparently supported by Brearley, that any educational, professional, or societal outcome where Blacks are underrepresented is prima facie evidence of the aforementioned systemic racism, or of white supremacy and oppression. Facile and unsupported beliefs such as these are the polar opposite to the intellectual and scientific truth for which Brearley claims to stand. Furthermore, I call bullshit on Brearley’s oft-stated assertion that the school welcomes and encourages the truly difficult and uncomfortable conversations regarding race and the roots of racial discrepancies. 

I object to the idea that Blacks are unable to succeed in this country without aid from government or from whites. Brearley, by adopting critical race theory, is advocating the abhorrent viewpoint that Blacks should forever be regarded as helpless victims, and are incapable of success regardless of their skills, talents, or hard work. What Brearley is teaching our children is precisely the true and correct definition of racism. 

I object to mandatory anti-racism training for parents, especially when presented by the rent-seeking charlatans of Pollyanna. These sessions, in both their content and delivery, are so sophomoric and simplistic, so unsophisticated and inane, that I would be embarrassed if they were taught to Brearley kindergarteners. They are an insult to parents and unbecoming of any educational institution, let alone one of Brearley’s caliber. 

I object to Brearley’s vacuous, inappropriate, and fanatical use of words such as “equity,” “diversity” and “inclusiveness.” If Brearley’s administration was truly concerned about so-called “equity,” it would be discussing the cessation of admissions preferences for legacies, siblings, and those families with especially deep pockets. If the administration was genuinely serious about “diversity,” it would not insist on the indoctrination of its students, and their families, to a single mindset, most reminiscent of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Instead, the school would foster an environment of intellectual openness and freedom of thought. And if Brearley really cared about “inclusiveness,” the school would return to the concepts encapsulated in the motto “One Brearley,” instead of teaching the extraordinarily divisive idea that there are only, and always, two groups in this country: victims and oppressors. 

l object to Brearley’s advocacy for groups and movements such as Black Lives Matter, a Marxist, anti family, heterophobic, anti-Asian and anti-Semitic organization that neither speaks for the majority of the Black community in this country, nor in any way, shape or form, represents their best interests. 

I object to, as we have been told time and time again over the past year, that the school’s first priority is the safety of our children. For goodness sake, Brearley is a school, not a hospital! The number one priority of a school has always been, and always will be, education. Brearley’s misguided priorities exemplify both the safety culture and “cover-your-ass” culture that together have proved so toxic to our society and have so damaged the mental health and resiliency of two generations of children, and counting. 

I object to the gutting of the history, civics, and classical literature curriculums. I object to the censorship of books that have been taught for generations because they contain dated language potentially offensive to the thin-skinned and hypersensitive (something that has already happened in my daughter’s 4th grade class). I object to the lowering of standards for the admission of students and for the hiring of teachers. I object to the erosion of rigor in classwork and the escalation of grade inflation. Any parent with eyes open can foresee these inevitabilities should antiracism initiatives be allowed to persist. 

We have today in our country, from both political parties, and at all levels of government, the most unwise and unvirtuous leaders in our nation’s history. Schools like Brearley are supposed to be the training grounds for those leaders. Our nation will not survive a generation of leadership even more poorly educated than we have now, nor will we survive a generation of students taught to hate its own country and despise its history. 

Lastly, I object, with as strong a sentiment as possible, that Brearley has begun to teach what to think, instead of how to think. I object that the school is now fostering an environment where our daughters, and our daughters’ teachers, are afraid to speak their minds in class for fear of “consequences.” I object that Brearley is trying to usurp the role of parents in teaching morality, and bullying parents to adopt that false morality at home. I object that Brearley is fostering a divisive community where families of different races, which until recently were part of the same community, are now segregated into two. These are the reasons why we can no longer send our daughter to Brearley. 

Over the past several months, I have personally spoken to many Brearley parents as well as parents of children at peer institutions. It is abundantly clear that the majority of parents believe that Brearley’s antiracism policies are misguided, divisive, counterproductive and cancerous. Many believe, as I do, that these policies will ultimately destroy what was until recently, a wonderful educational institution. But as I am sure will come as no surprise to you, given the insidious cancel culture that has of late permeated our society, most parents are too fearful to speak up. 

But speak up you must. There is strength in numbers and I assure you, the numbers are there. Contact the administration and the Board of Trustees and demand an end to the destructive and anti-intellectual claptrap known as antiracism. And if changes are not forthcoming then demand new leadership. For the sake of our community, our city, our country and most of all, our children, silence is no longer an option. 

Respectfully,

Andrew Gutmann

Happy Easter

The most incredible thing about the Christian holiday of Easter is the guiding light the faith has been to billions of people. You may share different religious beliefs, you may be atheist, or agnostic, but I would remind all of us two things.

First, we all have religious beliefs, some of us are just able and willing to identify what they are. Second, the idea that there is something greater than the self is probably what protects all of us long-run from the destruction of the human experiment – and that outside agent doesn’t have to be your particular conception of a Supreme Entity.

On this Easter, let’s reflect upon how strong faith helps human beings survive the most absurd and obscene ordeals thrown at them – here is one example of what the Christians in Romania under early Soviet Rule suffered (they remained, and in fact, increased their faith as a result):

Expect the Worst, Show Mercy to the Broken
Unless you have been through the experience, it is hard to grasp how mentally fragile torture and solitary confinement can make a man. In The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn urges his readers to have mercy on prisoners who broke under torture. Nearly all of them did, at some point, he says. Unless you’ve endured it, he writes, you cannot imagine how great the pressure is to say any. thing that will make the physical and psychological pain stop.

In his life as a political prisoner in communist Romania, the late Lutheran pastor Richard Wurmbrand testified to both truths. The Romania that Soviet troops occupied at the end of World War II was a deeply religious country. After Romanian Stalinists seized dictatorial control in 1947, among the most vicious anti-Christian persecution in the history of Soviet-style communism began.

From 1949 to 1951, the state conducted the “Piteşti Experi ment.” The Piteşti prison was established as a factory to reengineer the human soul. Its masters subjected political prisoners, including clergy, to insane methods of torture to utterly destroy them psycho logically so they could be remade as fully obedient citizens of the People’s Republic. Wurmbrand, held captive from 1948 until he was ransomed into Western exile in 1964, was an inmate at Piteşti. In 1966 testimony before a US Senate committee, Wurmbrand spoke of how the communists broke bones, used red-hot irons, and all manner of physical torture. They were also spiritually and psychologically sadistic, almost beyond comprehension. Wurmbrand told the story of a young Christian prisoner in Piteşti who was tied to a cross for days. Twice daily, the cross bearing the man was laid flat on the floor, and one hundred other inmates were forced by guards to urinate and defecate on him.


Then the cross was erected again and the Communists, swearing and mocking, “Look your Christ, look your Christ, how beautiful he is, adore him, kneel before him, how fine he smells, your Christ.” And then the Sunday morning came and a Catholic priest, an acquaintance of mine, had been put to the belt, in the dirt of a cell with 100 prisoners, a plate with excrement, and one with urine was given to him and he was obliged to say the holy mass upon these elements, and he did it.

Wurmbrand asked the priest how he could consent to commit such sacrilege. The Catholic priest was “half-mad,” Wurmbrand recalled, and begged him to show mercy. All the other prisoners were beaten until they accepted this profane communion while the communist prison guards taunted them. Wurmbrand told the American lawmakers:

I am a very insignificant and a very little man. I have been in prison among the weak ones and the little ones, but I speak for a suffering country and for a suffering church and for the heroes and the saints of the twentieth century …

These are not anywhere near one-off illustrations. We are dealing with today, a radical mix of authoritarianism and consumerist-nihilism (feel good, always, if it’s difficult it’s bad., etc.) that spawns these kinds of atrocities – and I am not sure from whence the courage is going to come to rebel and stand-up in its face.

This post is not intended to be an all-encompassing discussion of the problem of kidney shortages, and the main arguments for an against, rather it is a lightly edited illustration of the conversations we have after I teach lectures on the “efficiency” of the current kidney allocation system. Indeed, we end up having one to two sessions in our Intro Econ class and a session in our Intermediate Micro class where we cover directly or indirectly issues related to kidneys. I would post the videos here, but I think copyright prevents me from doing so. Most of what you would want to know is in those videos.

In any case, I concluded our most recent talk with a back-of-the-envelope calculation about the “efficiency” loss due to our current system of putting people on waiting lists rather than more creative approaches to both increase the amount of kidneys available and to stop the waste that is incurred by the current method of rationing the very scarce kidneys.

The number is huge and it can be arrived at both by considering what the “Value of a Statistical Life” is and the suffering that patients endure while waiting for a kidney, or it can be backed into by standard Willingness-to-Pay measures by what we actually observe in the current kidney “market.” The number is a twelve digit number. It is closer to $200 billion than it is to $2 billion. Even if I am wrong, and the estimate is closer to $10 billion, that remains a spectacularly huge number.

In what follows you are missing a lot of context, and the long discussions of what we mean by “efficiency” and so on, but I think they are informative nonetheless. My takeaway is that in almost all discussions like this – whether it be kidneys or something else, we are either having proxy discussions for something else, or at best they are downstream from other ideas that ought to be part of our regular conversations but that we never get to have. So, here goes:

Wintercow:

Before I begin, I wonder how much any discussion is really about the topic at hand, I will try to keep this to kidneys, but it’s probably just a proxy argument for something else ..

Interlocutor: Hope you are doing well. I have spent a significant amount of time since Thursday’s lecture thinking about legal kidney markets and its associated solutions and problems.

Wintercow: I guess a couple of things before I read. When I say “markets” I cannot emphasize enough that it means nothing more than “impersonal mechanism to bring buyers and sellers together where some “price” is used to clear” … that doesn’t commit us to much more than one simple thing. What is that? There must be additional incentives provided to potential “sellers/donors” than we see today, since today’s market is certainly not cleared. And a second thing is that “solutions” even if they are ones I prefer are not really solutions they just introduce other tradeoffs. And all of this is against a backdrop of ethical and other economic considerations that really ought to be deeply hashed out before engaging with this applied topic – sadly our university doesn’t do this, there are very few shared common intellectual experiences we all have, I wished there were some.

OK, moving on.​

Interlocutor: You had a very convincing argument for making kidneys legal to trade.

Wintercow: Maybe, maybe not. Maybe I didn’t buy it myself. I would use the term “legal” here only in the sense that it is NOT the current system where kidneys are allocated based on UNOS and doctor protocols. Let’s be clear about the challenge. There are not enough people getting transplants. Absent an incredible new technology, or absent a really deep commitment to better access to healthier lifestyles before kidney disease sets in, or better understanding of genetic predisposition to kidney disease THEN considering different transplant scenarios is an important argument. Of course, if this were a class on health or a full lecture on kidneys (it wasn’t, I used it as an example of how a price control impacts welfare), then we would spend a hell of a lot more time on these other issues. I REALLY DISLIKE that so much of our medical reform ideas, complaints, problems and more have to do with treating disease when it happens rather than thinking about the myriad contributing factors – and that is very wasteful and serves lots of powerful entrenched interests.

Be that as it may, ​let’s keep this conversation on the targeted question of what is a good way to do transplants under the current world we live in

Interlocutor: But I have a few big concerns that I feel were overlooked and perhaps you can offer insights to them.

Wintercow: Yes, many things overlooked – again I wished I had time to do a full two hours on the topic, but I intended it to be an illustration of what price controls do, with a little color added to it. I also plan a longer discussion on “efficiency” (actually I may not give it since COVID has majorly slowed down my ability to cover material) that probably would touch on a lot of the questions that come up in issues like this.​

Interlocutor: Overall, I am concerned that when you take something like the kidney market out of its “in the hospital” context and into “supply and demand” land, you conveniently ignore a lot of suffering and important moral issues.

Wintercow: ​Michael Sandel is a professor at Harvard who has written extensively on this, if you want a long-form consideration (that aligns with your concerns) I would recommend the books and articles he has. You wouldn’t be surprised that I have rejoinders to much of it.

But to THIS particular point, and this makes me sound “out there” … I actually made the argument that I did BECAUSE I believe it to be BETTER on both suffering and moral grounds. I think it is far more moral than anything we are doing now. I did not say that in so many words, but I would do so.​

Interlocutor: Specifically: It seemed like you overlooked the fact that giving a kidney is a long and painful process, even with modern medical procedures.

Wintercow: That is true REGARDLESS of what system is in place – whether donation-based with zero incentives, or with more incentive-laced procedures. So I wouldn’t suggest that this is a mark against markets, indeed it is a mark in favor. The more transplants we do, the more expertise we develop, the safer the procedures get – just look at what has happened to heart procedures over the last 20 years as an example. But the way other countries have done this, and the way I would do it if I “had the power to make changes” is NOT to sell the idea as “Paying People for Kidneys” or to “Have a Kidney Market.” I think those words are meant to obfuscate and create fear.

Precisely because the procedure is long and painful, the correct way to think of “compensation” is to better cover the experiences of the donors than we do today. I, too, by the way, have explored being a donor, as my Dissertation Advisor is suffering from kidney disease that will kill him, and he directly asked me to be a donor. In other countries, the compensation takes the form of free or deeply subsidized medical care (paid by taxpayers) over the course of a donor’s life, to various programs to make up for time lost at work.

As you know, the procedure has become less invasive over time, and the probability of success for the donor is VERY high – and recovery times have shrunken. And with some very tiny exceptions, the lifestyle of a person with one kidney is not expected to be very different than the lifestyle of someone with two. ​

Interlocutor: I’ve actually looked at giving a kidney undirected because of the need, and I found that a major deterrent is how long you have to be in the hospital. You also still have to be on medicine and take it easy for a pretty long time after the surgery. It’s not a walk in and out experience.

Wintercow: It is also shorter than, for example, a knee replacement or hip replacement recovery.​

Interlocutor: In other words, you have to really want or need to do it to give a kidney.

Wintercow: I agree. Which is why basically NO ONE does it.

But remember a key point to compensation. Given that 2.5 to 3.0 million Americans die every year, and that “only” 100,000 or so need transplants, we can almost entirely make up the shortages by increasing the numbers of people willing to do deceased donations. I am close to someone who works with the Finger Lakes Organ Donation services as her job in the hospital requires it on both the giving and receiving side. Many of her patients have multiple organ failure and even if the medical procedures they are in for are successful, the patient would need dialysis and transplant to have it be “worth while” to do certain procedures. At the same time, she does get lots of young patients who have disease and sadly will not survive – part of her job is take the responsibility of talking to families about organ donation – as these patients already being in hospitals and in ICUs, would be “ideal” to “harvest” organs from as compared to waiting for people to crash on motorcycles and some such things. We can generate a large share of the needed donations from situations like this, if we had some way to make the incentives clearer for families.

And as we read down this discussion more, I can assure you that the large share of these patients come from backgrounds that you would object to selling them on the grounds that their health needs and poverty make it troublesome to have them making live donations. Their kids and their families would surely benefit from any compensation, especially if they are already struggling with the medical bills from the heart unit they are on.​

Interlocutor: In practice, the only people who give are relatives who care a lot about the person, or, if it was legal to sell, someone who really needs the money. (There are usually less than 200 undirected donations a year, about 3% of all kidney transplants)

Wintercow: ​Again, the problem is that basically no one donates now. Even though this is an “easy” to understand problem, even though the benefits to the needy are enormous, and even though we all claim to want to be good people and do the right thing, no one donates. ​

 Interlocutor: The major problem, to me, is that I don’t think anyone should ever have to be in a position where they need the money that bad to undergo a lengthy surgical removal of their kidney.

Wintercow: ​I’ll try not to rehash too much what I sent in those old posts – but there is absolutely nothing at all in the kidney discussion that is unique to kidneys here. Our poverty puts us in a position to “need” to do all kinds of unpleasant things just to make ends meet. That said, the key economic point (and it is true in rent control discussions too for example), is that by making kidney sales/compensation illegal, the price that the poor could get for selling them on the black market today is so high that if they are in fact “forced”, it is worse now than under my proposal. Further, when you think about the innovations in surgery and the way competition drives down prices, my suspicion is that a few thousand for a kidney is probably what will be the going rate if there were some ugly auction (again that was NOT what I was advocating nor what I think would prevail, but for fun let’s push to the extreme case where that is in fact how we do it) … so a key question is whether the poor would be induced to suffer for weeks and weeks just for a few thousand bucks.

Some factors that mitigate against this are, of course, the fact that there are decent baseline resources afforded to poor families that would seem to make this pretty undesirable. A full assessment of the consumption levels of the American poor (not stated earned income) that captures the full array of local, state and federal services (usual comparisons between the US and small European countries often ignore the large state and local portions of support, and of course what remains of private charity) should make it less attractive to be forced to do anything. Case in point – look at the labor force participation rate. It has fallen dramatically even as the data seems to suggest that the poor are falling behind. If the poor are “forced to do really unpleasant things” just for a few bucks, especially if those unpleasant things take a couple months, then how come they are not chomping at the bit to do seasonal work for money. After all, working at a job (I can show you all kinds of local examples) is unpleasant, but it is nowhere near as unpleasant as giving up a kidney, and the payoffs last long after the time you are forced into it. I mean, my friend is paying help in her shop $15.50 an hour, and almost unlimited hours. So, that’s about 900 hours of working. If you worked your butt off for three straight months, you can make all of the money you would have made selling a kidney, and then still have a kidney.

That is just one example.​

Interlocutor: I understand that we live in an unideal world where people have to make trade-offs, but the whole idea of legalizing kidney sales means that there will be some people who are willing to do it for some price, and poor people will be willing to do it for a lot less. 

Wintercow: “Legalizing kidney sales” is not how I would frame it but we will go with the idea. I think as a general condition this is right, but it still is an empirical question. And for issues as important as this, it would be nice to do the work to figure out if, in fact, this is true.

If it is true, and there are nonetheless objections, I think one of those pieces I scratched out long ago comes up with very simple solutions – DO NOT ALLOW THE POOR TO SELL THEM. Ouila! Done! This would guarantee that the poor are not exploited AND that we get enough kidneys. ​

Interlocutor: So, would I rather live in a world where fewer people die because there are more kidneys available? I would.

Wintercow: ​The point of thinking about efficiency is to think about HOW to make that happen AND to work on the tradeoffs/objections that I suspect you will raise below … (I don’t read ahead) …​

Interlocutor: But the kidney donors are going to be people who value going through a long, extensive, painful hospital process less than their compensation, and those people who end up making the transactions will be the “cheapest” options available (they are willing to give a kidney for less). And those will always be poor people. 

Wintercow: ​I don’t see that they will always be poor people. For example, if the poor are generally in worse health, then they will be less likely to be approved for the transplant, especially if we do genetic tests on the likelihood or family history of kidney diseases. I also don’t see that the idea follows. Wouldn’t the poor necessarily be more skeptical of having their bodies used as commodities? That seems to be a challenge we face in other areas.

This is all over above the question of who and why and how any of us should be allowed to determine what any of us sell. I don’t see massive objections to the poor being forced to do all kinds of other things … ​

Interlocutor: I know the argument against this, that poor people having access to money through kidney donation is better than poor people not having access to money.

Wintercow: ​Interesting. That is not an argument I would make. I might make it on the “exploitation” side of things, and simply talking up the idea that one model gives the poor agency (legalizing) and the other one doesn’t (current system) yet the rhetoric seems to make it sound like the former is the one that removes agency. I don’t know how that circle is squared.

The argument against this is that there is nothing in the “proposal” to move away from the current system that actually forces the poor to sell anything. For heck’s sake, the BEST part of my argument is that SO MUCH well being is generated by the program to “sell” kidneys that we can BAN the poor from selling them, AND use the proceeds from kidney welfare generated (even if just through longer life and hence more tax revenues and lower dialysis costs) and USE THAT SURPLUS TO DIRECTLY BENEFIT POOR PEOPLE. We can make the Medicaid program stronger. We can use the funds for better preventive health measures. To shore up access to healthy foods. Whatever we like. Just write checks.

To suggest that it’s simply an argument to “let poor people sell for money, and that is better than now” is almost entirely missing the argument.​

Interlocutor: But this is a lame argument to me because we’re not asking “what would the ideal situation be for this person?” we’re asking “how can we make poor people’s lives a little better without treating them as fully human?”

Wintercow: ​I, too, have demonstrated the lameness of the argument. On the other hand, “making marginal improvements” is a powerful tool. I used to be much more of a perfectionist, but think about things … we are not making progress AT ALL on many things … and part of the reason is the perfect being the enemy of the better.​

Interlocutor: A situation that is better for a poor person is obviously desirable over a situation that remains the same.

​Indeed go to my opening statements. I hate this conversation being taken out of larger context … but I promised myself this would stick to the kidney chat.​

Interlocutor: But I think that’s asking the wrong question. It’s not getting to the root of the problem.

Wintercow: ​I agree. And I also agree that almost nothing “we” are debating about today is getting to the root of any problem. Now is not the time to go into an exegesis on this …​

So, although I do support sex workers and their right to work, I suspect there are very few workers who would continue to do it if they didn’t “have” to in order to survive.

​Again this is something there is, and should be more, actual evidence on.  I happen to “know” quite well a decent circle of sex workers after I took a course on it … they would strongly object to your observation. And it would also return us to the conversation of agency and who gets to decide what is and is not good for people. That said, I WISHED we lived in a world where sex work wasn’t that big a deal …

Interlocutor: Again, I know the argument against this. “who is making poor people do anything? They don’t have to do it.” But they do.

Wintercow: Maybe that is a frail argument on social media, but it is not the right one. The focus of my example, and of any policy discussion is, and  ought to be, “how can we make improvements that are win-win-win?” Framing things as zero sum makes everything dead in the water.

That said … ​

Interlocutor: They have to do something to survive.

Wintercow: ​Right.​

Interlocutor: So, their choices are not good.

Wintercow: ​By what standard?​

Interlocutor: They can work for a low wage if they can find a job.

​That seems to be a very limiting way to frame it. They can start their own business. They can find a partner … which is one of the SUREST ways to avoid poverty. They can go to the military (ugh!). And of course, the wages required to live a materially comfortable life are lower today than at any point in a very very long time … I have been working a small project to demonstrate this … looking at a very healthy diet that can be made fresh every day, with transportation to/from work and school, safe and affordable housing, medical care, … it is surprisingly smaller than many people think. For example, I can rent half a house in Henrietta that is on a bus line (and close enough to bike or walk to many places) for $650 a month. That is $7,800 a year. Internet included. Heat included. But even add $100/mo for phone and another $40/mo for some streaming subscriptions. That is $1,680. If I made a fresh yogurt, with granola and two servings of fresh fruit for breakfast, a grilled chicken salad every day for lunch, a dinner of something like lasagna, with 3 additional fruit servings per day and one placeholder snack/meal (e.g. three scrambled eggs, two granola bars, etc.) I can do that really well on $60 a week or $3200 per year. My kids go to public school for free. At that income level you qualify for Medicaid/PPACA. We can continue … I get a number that is not too far north of $20,000 to live materially decently … for sure … I lived on $15,000 a year for three years of my adult life, as a reference, and none of those was living with my parents. I DID have about $15k of savings for emergencies, so take that with a grain of salt. In any case …​

Interlocutor: They can steal if they have to.

Wintercow: ​Petty theft has been on the decline for 30 years.​

Interlocutor: They can apply for the limited welfare that the US offers.

Wintercow: ​See above.​

Interlocutor: Or, they can get a quick infusion of cash by giving a kidney, despite the health issues that removing a major organ may incur.

Wintercow: ​This is the sorta usual “under capitalism you are free. You are free to starve under the bridge” argument.​

Interlocutor: So they don’t have to give a kidney. But they have to do something.

Wintercow: ​Where on the list does kidney donation rank? And what of the things on their bodies they can sell now. Where do the poor rank in Blood Plasma donation, which is already permitted? Where do the poor rank in sperm donation? How often are the poor growing their hair, only to chop it and sell it to wig makers?

A little more on the moral aspects later if I have time.​

Interlocutor: And when faced with a number of bad choices that can seem like the best option. “Why would you take away the best option?” you may ask. I don’t want to take away the best option. But I also don’t think anyone should have to be in that place to begin with.

Wintercow: ​Rather than write more, I will simply refer to the fact that “improving the current system” does not in any way require the poor to sell kidneys nor does it even have to allow it. I want to use an immigration analogy. I tend to be very pro-open-immigration. Many people I know are NOT. But let’s talk about the things that they SAY they are concerned with. “But immigrants use social services!” (ironically then they say in the same breath that immigrants steal american jobs … you can’t argue at the same time that immigrants are so lazy that they come here for the welfare and then are so hard working that they outcompete all of us lazy americans for work), or that they put pressure on hospitals, and so on. So, is the solution to BAN THEM ENTIRELY? Isn’t there a policy that addresses both my desire to allow immigrants to come here AND also the concerns that they MAY perhaps put localized strains on resources? I don’t know, like maybe having immigrants pay a slightly higher payroll tax rate on earnings for a little while?​ Or something. Does the answer have to be “BAN THEM ALL?” And the way the kidney discussion, like so many others, are framed are like the “Quantum Argumentations” that I increasingly see, and very much reject.

Interlocutor: What I’m trying to articulate is that in a world where everyone was on “relatively” equal financial standings (like within a factor of 10 for income) and everyone had access to basic needs like simple water, shelter, food, etc.

Wintercow: ​They do.

Interlocutor: then I suspect a market approach to kidney distribution would be a good solution. But until that happens, there are huge moral issues with legalizing kidney sales. 

Wintercow: ​ Why do the 100,000 people who suffer and die not have an equal moral claim? It is their population that is disproportionately poor and disproportionately black.

That aside, the point you are making seems to suggest “NO MARKETS AT ALL AND LOTS OF PEOPLE DIE vs. AUCTION OFF KIDNEYS  ON THE STOCK EXCHANGE and EVERYONE LIVES BUT IT FEELS GROSS”

Now, I do not believe that is the point you are making, and it is certainly not the vision or version of “markets” that I would advocate for or most people …

But then again

Interlocutor: I know that 13 Americans die every day because they didn’t get a kidney. It is tragic.

That massively understates the suffering, pain and anxiety for which experts recommend the CBDDY: delta 8.

Wintercow: it is also MUCH SMALLER than many other things that we either accept (on some arguments) or find appalling (on others) . 35,000 Americans die in car accidents. Most of those deaths are in cars that are smaller and lighter and less safe, and this is a risk we are perfectly OK to allow the poor to endure. They are “forced” to buy less safe, older, cars than their wealthier counterparts. Does it follow that car sales ought to be prevented, or that driving ought to be prevented until everyone has a level of basic needs met so that the “forcing” into the less safe care resembles more of a money preference vs risk tolerance tradeoff vs. “my only option is to buy this death inducing car because I need to get to work and can’t afford to live closer, there is no bus service where I live, and I am forced into the Ford Fiesta).

Interlocutor: What is also tragic is that poverty exists in a country with enough wealth for poverty to not exist.

Wintercow: That is taking us far afield from the kidney question. Let’s do that over another email. I took a slight crack at that question in 108 … but not full throated.

Interlocutor: While it is hard to pin down the exact number, poverty’s impact on lives lost is likely much higher.

Wintercow: I have suggested in MANY lectures that “poverty is the #1 killer” … it reduces life expectancy by some measures up to 10 years … and MANY of our government programs (Medicare and Social Security for example, contrary to popular wisdom) make the problem WORSE and NOT better for the poor.

Interlocutor: I think that ending poverty, equalizing wealth and legalizing kidney sales would be an appropriate and compassionate solution.

Wintercow: Again, I promised I would stay on point. Economic growth would “solve” just about all of our problems (except for some of the existential ones).

Equalizing wealth … no. MORE wealth? Yes.

But one of the messages from the lesson is that reforming the kidney market MOVES US CLOSER TO LESS POVERTY, it MOVES US CLOSER TO EQUALIZING WEALTH, all at the same time saving tens of thousands of lives. It does precisely what you are asking for. And that is more than “efficient,” it is moral.

Interlocutor: But to legalize kidney sales without first making sure that everyone has what they need makes me nauseous.

Wintercow: There are virtually zero Americans living in the kind of poverty that this statement implies. And not, that is not to suggest that those who ARE living in that kind of grinding poverty are to be ignored. The important point is that this argument needs to be separated, if only for pragmatic reasons.

But replace, “legalize kidney sales” with just about any other policy idea and see how that reads.

“Imposing carbon taxes and doing something about global warming” without first making sure that everyone has what they need makes me nauseous.

“Spending more money on inner city schools” without first making sure that everyone has what they need makes me nauseous.

And so on …

As far as the nausea, what that leads us to have to do is have a competing set of arguments about nausea. For example, I can easily argue that it makes me nauseous that we allow hundred thousand poor and black people to NEEDLESSLY suffer and die because we think that we have to “solve” poverty always and everywhere first before making this tiny marginal improvement. It makes me more nauseous when the very act of reforming the kidney situation would reduce poverty, promote equality and provide an opportunity for all parties to this situation to be made better off. Yet we refuse to even budge.

We don’t want to have dogfights about morals and values. Well, we can, but I hope you see my point. The point about using the efficiency approach I showed you is that right now we are doing the monetary equivalent of $200 billion of damage every year. That means there is a LOT OF ROOM to do better. it means that we are taking $200 BILLION of potential food, water, shelter, and more out of the world and flushing it down the toilet never to be seen again. It makes the goal of fulfilling everyone’s needs harder, not closer. Now I suspect the $200B is an overstatement, but I also use that figure because I am going to come back to a lot of COVID claims in a future lecture (perhaps) and this will put some folks in a pickle if they want to drop this number  some more.

So, what proposal is on the table to expand the supply of kidneys? Do we force people to “donate” out of a random lottery? Do we do what they do in some other countries and take them from prisoners? Or allow prisoners to exchange them for some freedom? Do we, …

Interlocutor: It is possible that I have missed something.

Wintercow: There are more specific issues. But yes, I believe you have missed both the actual argument I was making (i.e. that reforming the kidney situation doesn’t commit us to any particular moral outcome) and the essence of what it means to think in efficiency terms (i.e. that there is room to make everyone better off, and that it commits us to a real discussion about what we are really talking about instead of a feigned discussion about something else). And I think there is great value in that.

Interlocutor: In the meantime, I am not convinced that a world where people can sell kidneys is actually better or if it just grants more power to those with money.

Wintercow: Again, those with money are not the ones making up the list. The list is over-represented by the poor and by minorities. Furthermore, we are not committed to ANYTHING on the “buyer” side, and I made that clear in the lecture. If you don’t want the rich to bid a zillion to get more kidneys, make sure the government or a third-party charity does all of the purchasing, and then distributes the kidneys for free or for a flat cost to the recipients and/or their insurance companies. After all, go back to the pieces I sent you, if you think the “market” system advatnages the rich, you may be right. But it does NOT advantage them more than the current system does. I cited the data in 108 – the wealthy are MUCH MORE likely to get transplants today than the poor … the current system is rigged against the poor. And it makes people like ME nauseous that someone, somewhere, has managed to convince so many well intentioned and thoughtful people that it is otherwise.

Interlocutor: I am not convinced that it is a world with less suffering. I would love to be convinced if you have a solution that solves the moral problems. I am not trying to be the bad guy in your market-driven solution. I just want to learn more.

Wintercow: You are not the bad guy at all, in fact quite the opposite. The only way we GET to the better solution is to hash out the biggest concerns and opportunities as deeply as we can, and ALWAYS encourage additional ideas to come, regardless of who they come from.

I have said many times that I do not believe a pure market world would be one I want to live in. And I hope that is for obvious reasons, maybe I will make them clearer one day. The right framing, for me at least, is not to make it more “market driven” (well, yes, in the quirky way that I conceive of what a market is) but rather, what are good proposals to get more kidneys available? Or do we just want to say, “nope, this is the best we can do?” And if we say that about kidneys, then where does that leave is in so many other areas of policy.

A simple solution (not that I advocate it) is simply to put a minimum income and wealth floor, along with vigorous medical standards for donations, as to who can donate. But there are many, many other and more creative ways too.

OK, gotta run, can chat more later in week after I get some more work done. Remember again, ​everyone is selling … everyone … in the kidney market, including us lecturers who get paid to discuss it, why is it ok for the nurse and the doctor and the delivery person ​and lab and so on to get compensated (and are not all of those situations “forced” in the same sense as above) but not the person offering up the most important part of the puzzle? Should college athletes be paid? Should factory workers get paid more? What is different about a kidney donor?

Note that we have left out an immense portion of a necessary moral and medical conversation, this remains massively incomplete.

I will refer you later to a much larger work I’ve put together on “everything you need to know about the economics of climate change” … and among the key uncertainties are:

  1. What is the equilibrium climate sensitivity (i.e. long-term feedback)? There is zero consensus on this. (“feedback”)
  2. What is an appropriate way to count costs and benefits that occur next year or ten years from now or hundred years from now, and for how many years ought we count? (“discount rates”)
  3. What is the relationship between temperature and GDP? Is it exogenous? Do temperature changes impact levels of economic activity? Growth rates of economic activity? And what of adaptation? How are these affects distributed across economic sectors, across and within countries (“GDP vs. Temp”)?
  4. How do climate damages (and mitigation efforts) fit into the large category of potential disasters that will befall humanity? Does it make sense to spend a little bit of resources on all of them? A lot of resources on what we think are the most serious? (“Precaution and Resource Scarcity”)
  5. What are the likelihoods of effective mitigation, adaptation and climate reversal policies and technologies going forward? (“Exogeneity”)
  6. What are the unintended / hidden benefits that would accrue in a warming world? For example, we know international migration is one of the most incredible anti-poverty tools we have. How does this fit into our understanding of displacement due to climate change? Are there other benefits and costs that are getting short shrift? (“Net effects”)
  7. Modeling uncertainty and constraints on the GCM (climate) side.
  8. Modeling uncertainty and constraints in the IAM (economic impacts) side.

There are several more, but those are the big ones. We can bore with the scientific side if you wish. If I HAD to make ONE public service announcement about climate (and many things we think about for policy) is that we all spend way too much time focusing on first moments and not nearly enough time on second and higher-order moments. To sound less fancy, more on variance and less on measures of central tendency. I think any reasonable reading of the climate literature will demonstrate that the central tendency scenarios are not going to be too problematic. What is unfortunate about our political and university discourse is that we are forced to play on that playground, and not the more important and more nuanced second order ground. We care about the tail risk, we care about the variance in outcomes. And our policies ought to be deeply concerned about that, the way we think of insurance and reinsurance, and not the way we think about investing in stock index funds over a career.

I introduce into this conversation this new short paper (in response to a response on a new and important long paper) that explores the relationship between changes in temperatures and changes in economic activity. The upshot is that there is an incredible amount of variance/uncertainty in the models we use to connect temperature to GDP changes, just as there are in so many other aspects of our modeling. The bombshell is that of course the “popular wisdom” is that temperature changes WILL be bad for both GDP levels and GDP growth AND that these temperature impacts WILL be bad for all economic sectors in all countries. Now, my reading of the extant climate and climate-economics literature outside of this specific set of papers has been that to the extent there will be damages of consequence, they will be concentrated in warm and poor countries, and really only in a few economic sectors. So you can see why the stakes are so high.

More to come, but I leave you with this:

Black Americans disproportionately suffer from kidney disease. Our current policy bans any market incentives from helping them out. By any definition of racism from Kendi and others, therefore having a price control of zero in kidneys IS RACIST.

And it is therefore ANTIRACIST to advocate for more market oriented organ policies. Of course, the Hash Tagger BLM types would then be put in a pickle. Why?

They view markets and capitalism as racist. So now we have freeing up the organ markets as being both racist AND anti-racist at the same time. Sorry folks, YCHIBW. And of course, given that, we know what way they will pick – it’s Marxist Turtles all the way down.

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